Notas:

• Etnográfica:
  The Rama are regularly exposed to being struck by stingray barbs as there are both saltwater and freshwater varieties. Some are said to have even three or four bones (barbs, or spines) to strike you with, and some are said to be as large as a house and can haul you out to sea. There are various poultices to put on the wound if struck,for example, bitter cassava. Duaalin is not eaten. however, as of 2009, even stingrays were becoming scarce as an entrepreneur had started buying them for export a few years earlier, and the Ramas (both from Rama Cay and down the coast), along with others started heavily fishing them.
  Los Rama están regularmente expuestos a ser pinchados por las diferentes variedades de rayas, de agua dulce y salada. Algunas tienen hasta tres o cuatro aguijones. Otras dicen que son tan grandes como una casa y que te pueden arrastrar al mar. El pueblo Rama elabora varios tipos de cataplasmas para cubrir las heridas que hacen las rayas, por ejemplo, de yuca amarga. El Duaalin no se come. Sin embargo, a partir del 2009, hasta las rayas son escasas. Un empresario empezó a comprarlas para exportación hace unos pocos años, y desde entonces, empezaron a capturarlas en grandes cantidades.
• Gramatical:
  Borrowing from Miskitu.
  Préstamo del Miskitu.
• Léxica:
  See "kiswa" (small stingray).
  Ver "kiswá" *raya pequena).